Lupine Publishers | Thyroid Invasion in Advanced Laryngeal Cancers: About 59 Cases at the ENT Departments in Academics Hospitals of Dakar from 2007 To 2011

 Lupine Publishers | Journal of Otolaryngology

Abstract

Objectives: Description of epidemiology, clinical features and survival of patients undergoing laryngectomy and thyroidectomy for larynx carcinoma extending to the thyroid gland.

Patients and Methods: This study concerned adult patients from ENT departments in Academic Hospitals (Aristide Le Dantec and Fann) who had a total laryngectomy and a thyroidectomy.

Results: Fifty-nine (59) patients had total laryngectomy (TL) with thyroidectomy. The average age was 52 years. There were 58 men (98.3%) and one woman (1,7%). Laryngeal tumors (TNM classification) were very advanced (T3-T4) in 58 patients (98.3%). The TL was combined with a thyroidectomy in all cases. Four patients (12.5%) had invasion of the thyroid gland by the squamous carcinoma originating from the larynx. Survival was 10% at 5 years. There was no significant difference according to thyroid gland invasion or not (p = 0.15).

Conclusion: This poor prognosis is certainly related to the fact that patients attend late but also is related to the deficits of the technical platform

Keywords: Laryngectomy; thyroid spread; prevalence

Introduction

Pharyngo-laryngeal cancers can invade the thyroid gland. In the literature the prevalence of this invasion is between 1 and 23% after a histologic examination of the total laryngectomy parts (TL) or pharyngolaryngectomy (PLT). The existence of anatomical areas of weakness (cricothyroid membrane) and of resistance (laryngeal cartilages) explains the extension of these cancers to the thyroid [1]. According to prevalence figures, a total thyroidectomy (TT) or a hemi-thyroidectomy (LIT) is done unnecessarily in more than 75% of TL or PLT. In Senegal, several studies [2-9] have been published relating to the larynx and thyroid disease since the first TL performed in 1980 by EM Diop. In this study, we describe epidemiological and clinical aspects of patients undergoing laryngectomy and a thyroidectomy for squamous carcinoma of the larynx extending to the thyroid gland and evaluated their survival.

Materials and Methods

Methods

We undertook a retrospective study over 5 years (January 2007 to December 2011) at the ENT department Academics Health Centers Aristide le Dantec (HALD) and FANN in Dakar and at the Anatomy-pathology laboratories of the HALD and of the FMPOS at UCAD. Fifty-nine (59) patients underwent total laryngectomy (TL), a neck dissection and total thyroidectomy (TT), LT with subtotal thyroidectomy (subtotal) or ipsilateral hemi-thyroidectomy. The histological examination of the surgical specimen TL specimen included the lymph nodes and thyroid gland. Some patients had received radiotherapy and hormonal replacement therapy. Computer software ACCESS 2007, Excel 2007, EpiInfo Version 3.5.3_ 2011 and SPSS 16 were used for the data collection and analysis.

Patients

Inclusion criteria: Patients were from ENT department of Aristide Le Dantec and Fann Hospitals. This work involved adult patients who underwent total laryngectomy and thyroidectomy. Exclusion criteria (or non-inclusion criteria): Patients who underwent TL without thyroidectomy. Ethical Consideration were done with informed consent.

Results

Global results (n=59 patients)

We noted a male predominance with 58 (98, 3%) men and one woman (1.7%). The woman was 50 years old. For all 59 patients, the average age was 57.8 years (35 to 79 years) and a mode of 56 years old. An emergency tracheotomy was performed in 36 cases (72%).
All patients underwent TL with neck dissection. The thyroid was managed as follows:
a) Total thyroidectomy in 21 cases (35.6%).
b) Subtotal thyroidectomy in one case (1.7%).
c) Hemi-thyroidectomy in 31 cases (52.5%).
(NB: 5 patients received a PLT with hemi-thyroidectomy (8.5%) and 1 patient a hemi-pharyngo-laryngectomy with a hemithyroidectomy (1.7%).) Follow up of the clinical symptoms concerning TL with thyroidectomy was an average of 20.2 months (2 - 120 months). Tumors of the larynx were advanced (T3-T4) in 58 patients (98.3%) according to the TNM UICC / AJC classification (Table 1). In 32 of the 59 patients (54.2%), the histological examination of the thyroid gland was specified. Twenty-eight (28 = 87.5%) patients had a normal histological examination and 4 (12.5%) had invasion of the thyroid by the squamous cell carcinoma from the larynx. A histological report of the neck dissection was available in 41 patients (69%); 22 of them (53.7%) had nodal metastases (N+). Twenty-three (23 = 62.9%) patients received radiotherapy. A hypothyroidism was noticed in 2 patients.

Table 1: Squamous cell carcinoma at ENT department of Academics hospitals in Dakar (2007-2011).

Observations

Four cases of laryngeal carcinoma with invasion of the thyroid gland were collected during this period. They were all males. The average age of patients was 51.3 years (46 to 56 years), as evidenced by the observations summarized in Table 2. Observations are summarized in Table 2

Table 2: Laryngectomy with invasion of the thyroid gland with 4 patients.

Control according to Kaplan Meier (n= 32 patients)

The 2-year survival rate was 50% for patients with laryngeal carcinoma with invasion of the thyroid and 50% for patients without invasion of the thyroid. There was a 10% 5-year survival for patients with laryngeal carcinoma with invasion of the thyroid. The patients without invasion of the thyroid had 5 years and half of survival (Figure 1). The difference was not statistically significant (p = 0, 15) [10].

Figure 1: TL with invasion of the thyroid (thyro positive) vs TL without any invasion of the thyroid (thyro negative): p=0,15.

Discussion

Epidemiology

Age: In international literature, the age of patients with laryngeal cancer differs from one study to another and ranges from 42 to 83 years old and with an average between 60 and 65 years. In our study, the mean age of patients is consistent with the results found in these series but is still relatively young. According to Elliot [10] it is 61.05; according to Gaillardin [1] it is 61; and according to KIM [11] it is 63.2, while our study patients had an average age of 57.81.

Gender: There is a visible male predominance in our study as well as for many other studies. In our series, 98.3% of patients were male and 1.7% was female. According to Dadas [12], the corresponding rates were 97.80% and 2.19%; according to ELLIOTT [10] 85.71% and 14.28%; according to Gaillardin [1] 96.55% and 3.44%, and finally to Kim [11] of 96.42% and 3.57%.

Diagnosis

Clinical data: Most of the studies do not address any clinical data considering laryngeal cancer. In our cases, all patients (n = 59 = 100%) had dysphonia, and 50 had stridor requiring emergency tracheostomy in 36 cases (72%) [12].

Special investigations: According to the Gaillarin studies et al. [1], tomodensitometrical criteria used were the (partial or complete) destruction of the laryngeal cartilages (thyroid and cricoid) and cervical adenopathy. The results are shown in Figure 2 below. In this study, just over 40% of patients, with a CT scan showing destruction of the cricoid cartilage had histological invasion of the thyroid. However, more than a third of the invasions of the thyroid were not suspected on preoperative TDM. But Mendelson et al. [13], in their meta-analysis, showed that there is no significant link between the TDM destruction of the cricoid cartilage and the histological invasion of the thyroid. In our cases, only 10 patients (16.9%) underwent a neck CT scan, of which 4 had destruction of the thyroid cartilage. Four others had destruction of the cricoid cartilage and 4 had neck adenopathy. None of these results were of value as the 4 patients with invasion of the thyroid gland did not undergo TDM.

Figure 2: CT scan criteria studied [1].

MRI examination remains a second-line examination, mainly because the sequences of tissue characterization are often artifactual due to swallowing movements [14]. Endoscopy is the key consideration; all reports show a strong link between subglottic extension (SGE) of the tumor and invasion of the thyroid gland. This SGE was measured using the tip of the scope [1]. Four approaches emerge from our reading: Biel et al. performed TT or hemi-thyroidectomy for cancers of the larynx with SGE of more or equal to 10mm-1. Dada et al. [12] perform a hemithyroidectomy for cancers of the larynx with SGE that exceeds or equals 10mm and in cases of invasion of the thyroid cartilage on CT scan. Sparano et al. perform a hemithyroidectomy for laryngeal cancers if SGE exceeds 15mm, the vocal fold is involved, with anterior commissure tumor, laryngeal ventricle tumor, cricothyroid membrane tumor and extension of tumor into the thyroid cartilage. Kim et al. [11] perform a prophylactic hemi-thyroidectomy for any subglottic tumor extension. In our series, all four patients with an invasion of the thyroid gland had an invasion of the sub glottis.

TNM Classification: All patients with invasion of the thyroid gland in laryngeal cancers were classified as T3 of T4 according to the UICC classification (2002 version) in our series as well as in the international literature, presented in the Table 3 below. Based on our study, twenty-eight (28 = 87.5%) patients had normal histological examination and 4 (12.5%) had an invasion of the thyroid gland by squamous cell carcinoma starting in the larynx. Our prevalence figure of tumor invasion of the thyroid (12.5%) is almost at the same level as those in the literature. Elliott [10] reported a prevalence of invasion of 8.5%, Gaillardin [1] 12.6%, Hernandez [15] 12%, Kim [11] 14%, and Sparano [16] 23%.

Table 3: TNM classification of patients with invasion of the thyroid gland by series.

Treatment

Lymphadenectomy: Lymph node invasion was present in more than 50% of our patients. This aspect has not drawn the attention of some authors [1].

Surgery:

a) According to Gaillardin [1] in 87 studied cases, a TL was associated with TT in 35 cases (40.22%) and with a hemithyroidectomy in 17 cases (19.54%); PLT was associated with a TT in 10 cases (11.49%) and with a hemi-thyroidectomy in 25 cases (28.73%).
b) According to Elliott [10] in 35 studied cases, TL was performed in 22 cases (62.85%), and PLT was performed in the 13 remaining cases (37.15%). TT was performed in 32 cases (91.42%) and a hemi-thyroidectomy in 3 cases (8.57%).
c) In our study of 59 cases, TL was associated with TT in 21 cases (35.59%), with hemi-thyroidectomy in 31 cases (52.54%) and with subtotal thyroidectomy in one case (1 69%); PLT was associated with an hemithyroidectomy in 5 cases (8.47%); and hemipharyngolaryngectomy with a hemithyroidectomy in 1 case (1.69%). We note that in our study we did more hemithyroidectomies compared to the international literature.

Radiotherapy: In our case study, only 23 patients (62.85%) received radiotherapy. In the international literature cases, radiotherapy is systematic for all patients.

Hormonal therapy: Thyroidectomy endocrine consequences should be highlighted in these patients who used to receive complementary radiotherapy that compound endocrine complications. Indeed, during the postoperative period, hypothyroidism was found in 45% of patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy and 70% after thyroidectomy and complementary radiotherapy [12]. In our study 2 irradiated patients had hypothyroidism.

Survival Prognosis: As to Kim [11] and Elliot [10], the prognosis was better for patients without any invasion of the thyroid; however, the difference was not statistically significant. The 5-year survival was 25% from the KIM study [11] compared to ours (10%). This poor performance is certainly caused by the delay in consultation but mainly by the lack of a technical platform in Senegal.

Conclusion

Invasion of the thyroid gland in advanced laryngeal tumours is proven and his prevalence in our study is 12.5%. Invasion of sub glottis area and anterior extension of laryngeal cancers are the main directions for thyroidectomy. In our study, we recommend a reduction of TT or a hemi-thyroidectomy during laryngectomy because of the complications (operative time, thyroidectomy morbidity and mortality, potential endocrine complications...).

Key point

a) 12.5% of the patients of our series had an invasion of the thyroid gland by squamous cell carcinoma starting in the larynx.

b) In our study, as in those in the literature, a TT or a hemithyroidectomy during laryngectomy was performed in more than 87% of cases. This is unacceptable in view of the complications (operative time, thyroidectomy morbidity and mortality, potential endocrine complications...).

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Lupine Publishers | Internal Humanitarian Outreach in ENT (Senegal - Guinea Conakry)

 Lupine Publishers | Journal of Otolaryngology

Abstract

Goal: The purpose of this study is

a) To describe a new “system of cooperation” within the same country.

b) To report the surgical activities, specialized consultations and academic teaching carried out during these missions.

c) To describe the difficulties encountered during missions in rural areas and the bilateral benefits of such missions for the population, the local team and the 2 humanitarian workers.

Methods: it’s a retrospective study of missions carried out by the same team, covering a period of 11 years in 13 regions of Senegal and in Guinea Conakry.

Results: During the 61 humanitarian missions there were 5,702 consultations, 637 patients underwent surgery, and 10 postgraduate courses were conducted. The most common pathologies were chronic otitis media (22%) and gastroesophageal reflux (18%). The most common surgical procedures were thyroidectomy (25%), tonsillectomy (17%) and parotidectomy (6%). Otology and rhinology encountered real constraints; complex procedures such as laryngectomy, trans maxillary bucco-pharyngectomy and mandibulectomy were performed.

Conclusions: These missions have enabled people living in remote areas to benefit from quality care, highlighted the clear disparity in the distribution of ENT services, and provided medical-scientific teaching to the staff.

Keywords: Humanitarian mission; remote regions of Senegal; ENT practice; outreach

Introduction

Otorhinolaryngology is a specialty that is not very accessible to the Senegalese population because the services and the qualified personnel are very insufficient. In Senegal there are 35 otorhinolaryngologists (ENTs) [1] for 13 regions (Figure 1). Six (6) of these specialists are concentrated in Dakar and the rest are divided between Ziguinchor, Thies, Diamniadio, Saint Louis, Touba, Diourbel and Kaolack. This is a very insufficient number for a population of 14,799,859 inhabitants spread accross the 14 regions of Senegal. It amounts to 1 ENT for 423,000 habitants, whereas the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends 1 ENT for 25,000 inhabitants [2]. Because of this shortage of ENT services, and large underserved areas the FANN’s ENT department of Dakar, under the direction of Professor EM DIOP, in collaboration with the Embassy of Thailand, initiated missions of specialized care and teaching in 2005. The missions typically lasted five to six days and involved medical consultations, surgery, and postgraduate ENT teaching with lectures focusing on Senegalese ENT. The team was composed of a senior (assistant teacher or Professor), accompanied by an intern or a registrar from the Dakar Medical School. They were housed in a hotel or a residence in the area. One of the team members provided his/her vehicle for most missions.

Figure 1: Distribution of ENT specialists by region in Senegal in 2016 (1): Dakar 26, Ziguinchor 2, Kaolack 1, Diourbel 1, Louga 1; Saint Louis 1, Thies 3.

Source: ES Diom Collection

However, with missions in remote areas such as Ziguinchor or Sedhiou, the trip was made by plane. An ambulance purchased by the Thai Embassy was made available and served as a means of transport during some missions. Mission-related expenses (accommodations, meals, transportation) were covered in full by the Royal Thai Embassy; this generally amounted to between 500,000 and 700,000 CFA francs per mission? The equipment used for consultations and surgeries was mostly provided by the ENT team and often came from the FANN CHNU in Dakar. Radio broadcasts were used to sensitize the population and to increase participation in the missions. While the missions were not-for-profit, they were not totally free because, even though consultations were free, a fee was charged for surgical procedures. The follow-up of patients was done by the medical local team. Operated patients were evaluated before the end of the mission. Some patients requiring close followup for or further treatment were sent to Dakar. After 11 years of regular missions the same team, what are the real benefits, obstacles encountered, and lessons learned?

Aim

The purpose of this study is:
a. To describe a new “system of cooperation” within the same country.
b. To report the surgical activities, specialized consultations and academic teaching carried out during these missions.
c. To describe the difficulties encountered during missions in rural areas and the bilateral benefits of such missions for the population, the local team and the 2 humanitarian workers.

Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective study covering a period of eleven years (2005-2016) and set in the Republic of Guinea and in various regions of Senegal excluding Dakar. Thirteen cities in Senegal (Touba, Saint Louis, Louga, Ziguinchor, Kaolack, Tambacounda, Ourossogui, Sedhiou, Thies, Kedougou, Diourbel, Kolda and Linguere) benefitted from sixty-one (61) missions from 2005- 2016. The data was derived from mission reports provided by those conducting the missions and were entered on an Excel 2013 spreadsheet. All patients who had an ENT consultation or surgical intervention were included in the study. At the end of each mission, a detailed daily report was compiled including the number of consultations, and for each patient the diagnosis, age, sex, address, treatment and additional investigations requested, indications for surgery; as well as incidents and difficulties encountered e.g. union strikes. At the end of each mission, a summary table of consultations and surgeries was completed. All the postgraduate courses taught during these missions were also reported and included. The followup of the patients was done on the spot, by the team of the mission first and later by the local doctor. The operated patients were evaluated before the team’s departure. Some patients requiring close follow-up were transported to Dakar for further treatment. The reports were generated by the ENT doctors in the region, the ENT trainees assigned to the region, other specialists, generalists, nurses, and medical students. The data was analyzed with the Epi Info version 3.1 software and it’s approved by the UCAD Research Ethics Committee (CER).

Results

Our study focused on 40 of the 61 missions, as 21 missions were excluded from the study due to insufficient data. The missions started in 2005 in two cities, namely Tambacounda and Saint-Louis, then expanded over the years to other cities and also to Guinea Conakry (Table 1). In consultations (Table 2 & Figure 2), the most frequently encountered pathologies were: chronic otitis media (22%), gastroesophageal reflux (18.3%), allergic rhinitis (15.1%), tonsillitis (8.2%), and goiter (2.3%).

Figure 2a & 2b: Diagrams of the numbers of patients consultations per year with trend line. Diagram of the number of surgical procedures performed per year with trend chart entered on Excel 2013

Table 1: Experimental volume fraction of twin and back-stress deduced from Bauschinger effect as a function of equivalent plastic strain.

Table 2: Numbers of patients seen in consultation per annum.

Surgeries are represented in Table 3.

Total thyroidectomy was performed for Graves’ disease, multinodular goiters, and thyroid cancers (Figures 3-5). The most frequently performed surgical procedures were:

a) Thyroidectomy: 186 (29.2%)
b) Tonsillectomy; 105 (16.5%)
c) Adenotonsillectomy: 65 (10.2%)
d) The conservative total parotidectomy: 37 (5.8%) (Figure 6).

Table 3: Summary table of surgical procedures.

Figure 3a & 3b: Operating Room Installation: Emergency decompression thyroidectomy in a 40-year-old man, followed by prophylactic tracheostomy, for massive vesicular carcinoma

Figure 4a & 4b: voluminous goitre seen before and after surgery operated during a mission in Sedhiou

Figure 5a - 5c: Voluminous goitre seen before and after surgery operated during a mission in Ziguinchor. Scarification done by the traditional practitioner

Figure 6: Voluminous parotid tumor that has been evolving for 26 years.

However, some complex procedures such as total laryngectomy with neck dissection, transmaxillary buccopharyngectomy, mandibulectomy and sinonasal polyposis were performed during the missions. The operative specimens were taken back to Dakar for a histological examination, when it could not be done on site. Once the results were obtained, the local doctor was informed for a possible radiotherapy in Dakar.

Figure 7: Teaching at the end of the mission.

Postgraduate teaching involved 10 lectures on themes chosen by the academic committee (Figure 7). The goal was to reinforce knowledge of local staff in the management of ENT emergencies. The titles were: Emergency tracheotomy: practical consideration (Saint Louis, Touba and Ziguinchor); foreign bodies of the lower respiratory tract (twice in Touba) ; ENT cancers (Ziguinchor) ; research project on hypopharyngeal cancer in Senegal (Touba) ; cholesteatoma of the middle ear: Which care in Africa? (Guinea Conakry) ; sensorineural hearing loss (Touba), and modern endoscopy in ENT (Touba).

Discussion

There is a great shortage of otorhinolaryngology and cervicofacial surgical services in Africa [3,4]. Malawi had only one ENT surgeon until 2016 for 18,090,000 inhabitants. The situation is also problematic for other countries in Southern Africa; Namibia has only 3 ENTs for 826,666 inhabitants and Botswana has 1 ENT and 1 for 750,000. In central Africa the Democratic Republic of Congo has only 25 ENTs for a population of fifty-five million, i.e. 1 ENT per 2,200,000 people. In Senegal, Diop [5] already pointed out in 1984 the severe shortage of ENTs in the east of the country. Consequently, populations of regions like Tambacounda or Matam are forced to travel several hundreds of kilometers (467km) between Tambacounda and Dakar to access quality care. Regions such as Ziguinchor and Kaolack had only one ENT until 2016, which is clearly not sufficient for the number of inhabitants. Our study reports on 11 years of humanitarian ENT missions within Senegal carried out by the same team, with an average of 5 missions per year. In ENT, North-South or South-South cooperation systems are often described [6,7]. The system of cooperation and mutual aid within the same country or to a neighboring region is less common and not reported in journals [8]. Fornadley, Stern and Nathan [8] are American ENTs do so in the U.S. and describe it as “humanitarian effort in his own course”. There is then an issue of “nomenclature”. How to name this kind of locoregional oureach? Does this system exist in other African countries? In our study, the cities hosting the most missions are Tambacounda and Ziguinchor, (10 missions each). The main reason for this is the absence of ENT specialists in Tambacounda, which is the largest region in Senegal in terms of area (59,602 km2) and which had 607,000 inhabitants as of 2007 [9], and Ziguinchor which had one ENT for 523,840 inhabitants [9] as of 2016. The remoteness of these cities from the capital also limits access for the population to specialized care (467 km between Dakar and Tambacounda and 454 km between Dakar and Ziguinchor). Other cities like Thiès and Diourbel have only hosted 2 missions, because their own ENT departments are close to the capital: 70km between Dakar and Thiès and 180 km between Dakar and Diourbel.

We noted a significant increase in the number of patient consultations per year. This is linked to expansion of mission sites from 2 sites in 2005 (Saint Louis and Tambacounda) to 6 sites in 2016 (Tambacounda, Ourossogui, Sédhiou, Kédougou, Kaolack and Kolda). The awareness and positive impact of the missions in the cities where they took place also contributed to the increased number of consultations. Thanks to the media coverage (radio broadcasts) at Kaolack Hospital, trend curves are for the most part upward, reflecting an increase in the number consultations over the years. These humanitarian missions initially focused on regions of Senegal but were then extended to Guinea Conakry with the support of the Senegalese-Guinean cooperation. They took place there twice (2009-2013). In practice, we learned during these missions that the help of translators was necessary, the consultations were longer, because explanations given to patients and their entourage (father, husband, guardian etc.) had to be clear to help with adherence to treatment. One facet of the ENT service, otology, was however limited in scope. This is related to the absence of diagnostic and surgical microscopes. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of chronic otitis media is not being addressed, even though the initial reason for doing the outreach in the various Senegalese regions was to address chronic otitis media. In our study, chronic otitis media accounted for 22.1% of the consultations. This is comparable to those reported by Tabchib et al. [10] who found that chronic otitis media represent 20.5% of the series. This high prevalence of chronic otitis media emphasizes the importance of quickly acquiring a diagnostic microscope within a basic medical platform.

Gastroesophageal reflux was the second most common reason for consultation in our study (18.3%) and was the most common pathology (36.2%) in Kaolack in 2015. In 2016, in Tambacounda, gastro-oesophageal reflux (GERD) represented 25.3% of pathologies in consultation (in our study). The fear of the Senegalese ENT community is still the cancer of the hypopharynx, as it is the main (47%) ENT cancer in Senegal [11], of which gastric reflux is one of the risk factors. Indeed, many studies have revealed a particular epidemiological profile for cancer of the hypopharynx in Senegal, where smoking and alcoholism are uncommon [11]. In many regions, the fiberoptic gastroscopy is not always accessible and ENT is practiced in an outpatient clinic setting. Allergic rhinitis was ranked as the third most frequent reason for consultation in our study (15.1%); clinical and skin test assessments were used to make a diagnosis. However, it was the most common ENT pathology as reported by Tall [12] in rural southern Senegal (67.6%); Ngom et al. [13], reported a rate of 45.5%. These rates are much higher than those of our study. This can be explained by the sample size on the one hand, and by when the mission took place, as allergic rhinitis is a pathology strongly influenced by the rainy season. Goiter is a cosmopolitan condition [14,15], and its frequency and clinical varieties differ between countries and regions. In our study goiters have a prevalence of 2.3% and were characterized by their considerable size. This is due to the fact that patients usually consult late, only after having tried various medications or traditional medicine. Surgery has been a big part of our humanitarian activities, with nearly seventy different types of surgical procedures being performed during the missions. Procedures were dominated by head and neck surgery. Because of the critical issue of financial means, we learned that ENT consultation equipments (Clar’s frontal mirror, etc.) needed to be provided; drugs, DELBET drain for cervical wounds, magnifying glasses etc. Lack of resources has developed cleverness and recourse to makeshift solutions. Drainage was done for all cervical surgeries. Surveillance of tracheotomized patients was done by our team. There was a lack of ENT activity, so there were few nurses who really knew how to follow an ENT patient.

The poor otological component was due to the lack of an operating microscope, although some colleagues use the endoscope for simple surgery such as myringoplasty [16]. The other solution outside the endoscope was the transfer of the patient to one of the public hospitals in the capital, with prior preparation: reduction of the waiting list for this patient, rapid organization of surgery in the city. Parents of children having undergone cleft lip and palate surgery were very grateful. However, the surgical activities encountered difficulties during certain missions. In Diourbel, in 2008, a patient died during a surgical procedure due to a lack of blood. In Saint Louis, in 2015, a strike by SUTSAS (the single union of health workers) disrupted the operative planning, forcing the program to be reorganized to focus on prioritizing the most urgent patients. Outside the care component, our missions were aimed at organizing teaching on ENT emergencies, and to discuss difficult cases. These lectures were led by professors and generated enthusiasm with the local ENTs. A similar example/experience is reported in Cambodia [7]. We learned that exchanges with local teams should be based on humility, because the few on-site ENT surgeons managed to take care of many cases using very limited resources. As far as our team is concerned, residents encountered many popular beliefs; for example, an otorrhea in their small child is not a pathology for many mothers, but remains of amniotic fluid that must flow. Other examples are even more disturbing: the treatment of turbinal hypertrophy by traditional practitioners was utilizing a very inadequate equipment. Cervical scarifications were often found in patients with goiters or cervical lymphadenopathy. Our residents needed to use social intelligence and tact to avoid hurting feelings, by explaining with simple and pictorial words the pathologies to the patient.

Under-medicalization was at the origin of late diagnosis of numerous cases of thyroid and parotid tumors of considerable size. This experience contributed to practical surgical experience for residents, companionship, exposure to a traditional system of knowledge transfer, and overall educational training. Indeed, this experience for the young residents accompanying senior team members was productive for the student, surgery procedures were more accessible. These beneficial aspects are also reported by Jafari [17]. Humanitarian missions during residency are seen as worthwhile; they may provoke interest in future humanitarian efforts, as described by this American author [17] on otolaryngology trainee recipients of the American Academy of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery Foundation; humanitarian travel grants; they may also positively affect competency-based metrics. The knowledge gained from these missions has led to develop a new system of cooperation between the various healthcare providers in Senegal, so as to significantly increase access to ENT care in Senegal. Indeed, given the success met early in the missions, the team repeated these activities over 11 years. The providers of the university team have increased in number as well as the residents of the specialty. This system of cooperation has therefore become a well-regulated humanitarian activity as an integral part of the training program for interns. There is now a rotation with 10 different teams currently crisscrossing 10 regions every year on specific dates. Humanitarian activities therefore end up serving as the backdrop for training.

Conclusion

These missions have a definite benefit, they have allowed poor populations to access quality specialist care; to promote the ENT specialty in remote hospitals; and to increase the quality of ENT in regional hospitals through teaching and training. The number of surgical procedures and the advanced stage of the surgically treated pathologies highlighted the urgency to create regional ENT surgery units. This new system, developed after 11 years of experience and 66 missions, can be adapted to other countries or regions of the world suffering from a similar lack of experienced otolaryngologic care.

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